Haile Selassie visits Jamaica

Hundreds of Rastafari converged on the Emperor’s plane the moment it touched down in Jamaica

DAVID KATZ – author, DJ and reggae historian – describes the Ethiopian leader’s historic 1966 visit to Jamaica and the profound impact it had on the development of music on the island.

April 21st, 1966 saw incredible scenes unfold in Jamaica, the likes of which have never been repeated. At Palisadoes Aiport (Now Norman Manley International), thousands gathered, the majority of them adherents of the Rastafari faith, waiting to see their beloved saviour. And along the main route from the airport into Kingston, thousands more lined the roadside, some with flags at the ready, hoping to catch a glimpse of an African monarch in the flesh. The heavy rainfall was no deterrent, especially to the Rastafarians who brought their drums, banners and assorted regalia. Just as the sun broke through the clouds, the imperial jet came into view, bearing the Ethiopian colours and a roaring lion on its flank. The crowd erupted. Their day of deliverance had finally come.

Haile Selassie’s 1966 visit to Jamaica had a dramatic effect on the Rastafari movement. When the man they worshipped as an incarnation of God was feted by politicians and given the keys to the capital city, the faith was awarded its first inkling of official recognition, giving credence to the beliefs of Jamaica’s most ostracised citizenry. A mere three years after the Coral Gardens Massacre, in which many Rastas were killed, assaulted and locked up by police and security forces, the incredible welcome accorded HIM Haile Selassie strengthened the determination of the faithful and helped swell the movement’s ranks. The transformation was acutely evidenced in the island’s music scene; if not for Selassie’s visit, the spread of Rastafari through reggae probably never would have taken place.

In Eurocentric Jamaica, Rastas were derided as madmen or shunned as “blackheart men” – devil worshippers who ate the hearts of children.

Rastafari first emerged in Jamaica after Haile Selassie’s 1930 coronation, three years after Marcus Garvey had allegedly proclaimed: “Look to Africa for the crowning of a black king, he shall be the redeemer.” Biblical passages seemed to reference the event, too, and as new religious leaders like Leonard Howell and Emmanuel Edwards began to galvanise support by proclaiming that God was black and that the rightful place for black Jamaicans was Africa, sectors of the peasantry responded enthusiastically.

Across the island, various forms of Rastafari took root, all based around the concept that Selassie was a living black Christ.

Although derided by detractors as an autocrat, Haile Selassie modernised Ethiopia considerably and was a visible participant in world affairs. He travelled widely during his reign and visited Trinidad, Jamaica and Haiti in 1966 largely because these nations had been vocal supporters of Ethiopia during Mussolini’s fascist occupation in the 1930s. Jamaica had a special place on the itinerary because a Rastafari delegation had travelled to Addis Ababa to meet Selassie in 1961, along with members of the Jamaican government. Selassie was already aware of his veneration by the Rastafari, but nothing could have prepared him for the tumultuous scenes that greeted his arrival in Jamaica.

When the imperial plane landed and Haile Selassie appeared at the door, there was sheer pandemonium as hordes of Rastafari stormed the plane; after failing to calm the crowd, the Emperor wept, and retreated back into the aircraft, until Rasta leader Mortimer Planno finally achieved calm, allowing the emperor to disembark.

As Lee ‘Scratch’ Perry once explained to journalist Jean-Francois Bizot, “12,000 Rastas were waiting for him at the airport. The prophecy said that one morning the sole white dove would fly over the assembled Rastas, followed by a short shower of benediction. His plane came from the East, coming out of the dawn, and it rained when the plane landed. The chalices were being passed around and people were smoking the herb with our flags, our rockets, our spliffs and our music, and above all the Abeng, the horn that was the rallying instrument of the Maroons in the bush two centuries ago.”

“That experience is something I will never forget,” says promoter Copeland Forbes, who was chosen to be Selassie’s official car door opener. “I don’t know if you want to call it a miracle, but it was raining heavy, and when the plane popped over the clouds, the sun came out. When the plane touched down on the runway, the pilot pulled the window (open) and put out an Ethiopian flag, and the plane was surrounded by hundreds; I saw people leaning up by the plane wheel, smoking a chalice, and drum beating, so the official welcome party had to be abandoned.”

Perhaps the real miracle was that no one was injured, given all the smoking near highly explosive aircraft fuel.

Selassie’s visit highlighted the intensive polarisation of Jamaican society. At the airport, Rastafarians chanted and danced, shouting “Hail the man!”, “Lamb of God,” and “Black man time now!”

Commissioner Eustice Bird was heavily booed during a ceremony in which Haile Selassie was given a key to the city. The massive crowd at Spanish Town, the first stop of his official railway journey across the island, drew hostile police action, resulting in several injuries. But if Rastas were viewed with contempt by the ruling class, Selassie’s visit accorded them space. Rasta leaders were given gold medals by Selassie, and Count Ossie’s drummers gave an impassioned performance before the Emperor.

Haile Selassie’s visit naturally had a profound effect on the island’s musicians, not least Rita Marley, who glimpsed stigmata on Selassie’s palm when his motorcade passed her in the street. In her autobiography she writes: “I kept looking into the different cars and finally I saw him, this little man in an army uniform with a military-looking hat. Rastas believe that when you see your black king you will see your black God, and so when he was almost close up by me I said to myself, is that the man they say is God? They must be crazy. I didn’t believe, looking at him, I just didn’t believe. Short little man in his army uniform. Quite simple. With one hand he was waving side to side, and I thought, oh, please God, could this be what I read about? Show me if what they say about this man is true, show me a sign so I can see, so I can put my faith somewhere, I need to hold on to something.

And just as I thought my prayer wasn’t working, Haile Selassie turned in my direction and waved. There was something about the middle of his palm that struck me – I saw a black print. And I said, ‘Oh my God, the Bible says that when you see him you will know him by the nail prints in his hand.’ Most people think I’m lying, but I’m not lying, it happened. I don’t know if it’s mind over matter, but I was looking for something to identify with, and there it was.

I yelled, ‘Oh my God,’ and went home screaming and cheering. And Aunty said, ‘Lord have mercy, there she goes! Now she’s truly mad!’ It had been raining and I was soaked, but I didn’t care. Aunty thought I was completely out of it, but for me it was an awakening.” (1)

She wrote to husband Bob, who was then in Delaware, explaining her conversion to the faith and when Marley returned to Jamaica, he joined Rita and his fellow Wailers by embracing its doctrine. In time, Rastafari would be their music’s focus, leading to awareness overseas.

Although the changes to Jamaica’s popular music were gradual, Haile Selassie’s visit was a clear catalyst. Calypsonians Lord Bravo and Lord Creator both issued songs, though these were in “news report” mode, rather than expressions of faith. The real turning point came in Peter Tosh’s Rasta Shook Then Up which he introduced in Amharic, noting that “All Babylon tremble to see our Father’s face / We got one day of freedom and not one baton did shake.” (2)

Until this point, expressions of the Rastafari worldview were more undercover than upfront. Count Ossie’s drummers made Oh Carolina a landmark pre-ska tune, but the song was a mere romance ballad in R&B mode. Noel “Zoot” Simms transformed the hymn Golden Pen into a jumping ska, introducing it and Press Along in Amharic, but both were somewhat coded, their meaning unclear to casual listeners, and Skatalites instrumentals like Beardman Ska only alluded to the faith. Tosh’s track was direct, heralding a new direction that would blossom once the reggae form took hold.

By the end of the decade, the Reggae Boys were declaring that Selassie a go Burn them with Fire (3), U Roy saluted the Rightful Ruler, the Abyssinians gave praise with Satta Massaganna (4) and Burning Spear proclaimed Zion Higher (5). Once Bob Marley began singing Selassie is the Chapel (6) the world took note.

In the entire recorded history of Jamaica, no other outside visitor has attracted as much interest as Haile Selassie – not even Queen Elizabeth II, who had visited the month before. It thus remains a watershed moment in the island’s history, especially for the Rastafari movement and its attendant reggae scene.

This article originally appeared online at https://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com on February 25, 2014. It is reproduced here by kind permission of the author.

1. No Woman, No Cry: My Life with Bob Marley by Rita Marley, Sidgwick & Jackson, London 2004

2. Rasta Shook them Up – Peter Tosh https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8ydPT7tX2k

3. Reggae Boys – Selassie a go Burn them withFire https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXNdlA4V8_0

 4. The Abyssinians – Satta Massagana https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=satta+massagana

5. Burning Spear – Zion Higher https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pi_7sJt0Jro

6. Bob Marley & The Wailers – Selassie is the Chapel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHiRpoNFvLM